The Culture of Extinction: Toward a Philosophy of Deep Ecology

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Summary: Deep Ecology Reformulated
Review: Bender offers the following reformulation of the deep ecology platform. He believes the platform's language should be forthright about deep ecology's debt to ecology, hence also its biological nondualism. At the same time, since there are many paths to deep ecology, if you accept some, but not all of the points, you are to that extent still a supporter of the deep ecology movement. Bender takes into account some of Naess's 1993 reflections and his own earlier arguments. The following are proposed nondogmatically, or, as Naess now suggests, as a set of abstract, general statements that most supporters of the deep ecology movement might accept.

Proposed New Deep-Ecology Platform

1. Everything on earth is both interdependent and transient.
2. Each species' self-realization requires and contributes to that of all others.
3. Nonhumans do not exist for humans' sake.
4. Continued evolution without catastrophic setback requires the preservation of biodiversity, especially at the genetic and ecosystemic levels.
5. Other things being equal, human action is justifiable when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and complexity of the biotic community; it is wrong when it tends otherwise.
6. Present human interference with the nonhuman world is excessive and rapidly worsening.
7. Significant reduction of human impact requires first doing no further harm, then protecting and restoring biodiversity, wild-' ness, and evolution.
8. Deep ecology supporters encourage the deep questioning if human happiness, progress, and technology as commonly .1 defined. The necessary changes include deliberately and humanely lowering the human population, redesigning the global economy, adopting low-impact technology, and changing personal lifestyles as required for ecological sustain- ability.
9. Ecological sustainability also requires peace and justice throughout the world, and recognition that quality-of-life is about more than material standard of living. Especially in the poorest countries, social justice and long-term ecological sustainability are equally necessary, if people's material, self-preservation, rootedness, and spiritual-growth needs are to be met.
10. Those who subscribe to these points have an obligation directly or indirectly to try to carry out the necessary changes. Though the platform's applications vary considerably, in general deep ecology supporters work for local self-sufficiency and autonomous cooperation, and against centralization of power, exploitation of the weak, and corporate-controlled economic globalization.

The platform, in short, poses a counteroffer to the culture of extinction, outlining numerous possibilities for engagement for those who take nondualism, ecology, ecocide, or overshoot seriously. Thus, deep ecology is potentially a solution, not only to ecocide, but to nihilism.

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Summary: Important for the philosophy of deep ecology
Review: I would say that anyone who has a serious theoretical interest in deep ecology and Green theoretical issues should have a copy of this expensive book. The book is important for the philosophy of deep ecology, and the radical environmental and deep Green political movements. Bender wants to help "draw millions to deep ecology."
This book has forced me to look at the evolution of deep ecology, as reflected in the writings of Arne Naess, in a new, supportive yet more critical manner. For Bender, the distinguishing characteristic of deep ecology is "nondualism" (what we would perhaps call ecocentricism). He argues that Naess has moved away from this nondualist position as reflected in the original 1972 statement and also become more apolitical.
It has a thoughtful and very interesting discussion of Bender's own "ecosophy", named after the place where he wrote much of his book. His book concludes with a ten-point "Proposed New Deep-Ecology Platform" which incorporates his critique.
Bender is a professor of philosophy at the University of Colorado and was, according to book cover information, the editor of _The Communist Manifesto: A Norton Critical Review_; _The Betrayal of Marx_; and _Karl Marx: The Essential Writings_. What is interesting for me is that such a substantive book on deep ecology has been written by someone who very definitely considers himself part of the Left. Bender now takes his place alongside other Left deep ecologists who have books out, like Richard Sylvan, Andrew McLaughlin and Andrew Dobson.
Bender wants to reformulate deep ecology and we all need to pay attention to what he is telling us. I did find the book on the abstract side. Overall however, this book is a wonderful achievement and will help us all move forward on the deep ecology path.

Rating:
Summary: Knowledgable forecast
Review: Written for the academic, but geared to present a total picture, The Culture of Extinction is an in-depth look at what we have created on this planet and what we can expect if we do not listen to this writer and others who are shouting as loud as they can. Excellent for the classroom.