The Thirty Years' War 1618-1648

Rating:
Summary: Does little to make sense of a confusing war
Review: I enjoy the Osprey Essential Histories and up until this one, I believe they were all well put together for the layman to understand. However, in this particular issue, the author does little to clear up background to the war as well as the major participants in the conflicts. Instead he leaves us with lists of major leaders and generals in which one would already have to have an in depth understanding of this era to recognize and understand. I have to say that this is perhaps the most confusing war I have ever read in terms of the various states and sub factions involved. I was hoping Osprey would be able to clear it up, but unfortunately it did not. Though still well written, it did little too help my understanding of this major political and religious struggle.



Rating:
Summary: An Excellent Summary of a Neglected Conflict
Review: Now that Osprey's Essential Histories series has covered most of the low-hanging fruit - like more needless summaries of the American Civil War - it is starting to actually use this series as it should: to cover those conflicts in military history that do not receive their fair share of attention. Richard Bonney's volume on the Thirty Years War is well-written, accurate, insightful and fairly detailed for such a short volume. Readers looking for a good short history of this critical conflict in early modern European History should definitely purchase this volume.

The volume begins with a short introduction, chronology a section on the background to the war and alliances. Bonney succeeds in disputing the over-simplified view of the war as a simply religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants. Instead, Bonney presents a vastly more complicated milieu of contentious issues and factions, with religion being only one albeit large factor. For example, Catholic (more or less) France was more concerned with limiting the power of Austria's Catholic Hapsburg's than with the minor power plays of various German Protestant small-fry duchies. The author's discussion of the Catholic Imperialist alliance with Lutheran Saxony and the Protestant Hungarian alliance with the Ottomans provide ample evidence of the diversity of issues and tangled allegiances involved in the conflict. Although this introductory material is interesting, it does tend to sidestep around some of the religious and economic motivations that kept the war going; the author mentions the refusal of the Lutherans to work with the Calvinists against the Catholic Empire, but fails to mention why these objections were so deep-seated.

The author spends 17 pages in the section "the warring sides," discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the Holy Roman Empire (Spanish gold, lots of combat veterans and good commanders), the German Protestants (poor quality troops and leaders), the Swedes (excellent artillery, cavalry and Gustavus Adolphus), the French (who were too distracted by their war with the Spanish to make a major effort in Germany), the Dutch and the Spanish. This section is far more detailed than similar sections in other Osprey Essential History volumes. The only deficiency in this area - and it runs throughout the volume - is a failure to provide any references on 17th Century currency. Several times, the author details cash subsidies by the Dutch, Spanish, British in terms of thalers, guilders and florins. Without any kind of reference about currency, it is difficult to evaluate the relative economic contributions of the various powers.

The actual narrative of the conflict is 29 pages long - a bit short - but quite good. There are seven 2-D maps that support the text (the Rhine fortresses in southwest Germany, the first Battle of Breitenfeld, the battles of Lutzen, Nordligen, Wittstock, 2nd Breitenfeld, and Jankow). Unfortunately the greatest weaknesses in an otherwise fine volume is the lack of any strategic maps of Germany that depict pre or post-war boundaries and many of the peripheral areas. The reader will find it difficult to follow the campaign narrative in places like Swedish Pommerania, the Baltic Coast and Bavaria, which have no supporting maps.

The final sections of the volume cover a look at typical mercenaries, civilian witnesses, the war in context and the conclusion of the war. As usual, these sections are a bit weak and Osprey should re-think what it is asking authors to accomplish in these concluding sections. Nevertheless, author Richard Bonney succeeds in delivering an excellent summary of the war that shaped pre-modern central Europe.

Rating:
Summary: The Definitive intoduction to the Thirty Years War
Review: Sadly, the Thirty Years' War is almost unknown in the English-speaking world, and most of the literature is in German, Czech, Danish, or Swedish. This is a pity, as the war involved, and had a lasting effect on, much of Europe, and has parallels in several modern-day conflicts.

This very well-researched book provides a perfect introduction to one of the most important areas of European history, vital to understanding the effects of the Reformation, and roots of the age of nation-states in Europe. This war, which devastated much of Northern Germany and the Czech Republic and killed between a quarter and a half of the population in some states, left Germany a backwater, whose rush to 'catch up' its position two and a half centuries later had such dire consequences. This was the first pan-European conflict, and a finer example of superpower meddling could not be found - local religious conflicts being transformed into all-out war by great powers, such as France and Sweden, invites comparison with Cold War conflicts or the current war in the Congo. The war which was fought to, and failed, settle once and for all, which religion a state's subjects should follow, succeeded in fracturing the once mighty Holy Roman Empire into over a thousand petty states and principalities.

With clear chapter headings, well-chosen illustrations and well-defined maps, Richard Bonney makes this book equally accessible to both historian and casual reader. Equal attention is devoted to the different stages of the war, and to the myriad forces involved, on both the Imperial and the Protestant sides. A well-argued chapter on the Mercenaries underlines the ambiguity of the conflict, with many of the fighters turning coat at will - parallels with the use of mercenaries in the 15th and 16th centuries, especially in the wars in Italy, and the prince-threatening power of the Conottieri - such as Wallenstein - are hard to ignore. The chapter on witness accounts gives a stark reminder of the gruesome effect the war had on the peasantry, who faced starvation, brutality and rape at the hands of the armies, and would sometimes murder isolated groups of soldiers, supporting neither side in particular. Attention is paid to the diplomatic side - the machinations of both Catholic France and protestant Denmark and Sweden against each other, as much as against the Empire - the Imperial commanders Tilly and Wallenstein, driven as much by political ambition and greed, as much as Catholic piety. The small details are priceless - that the 2 victims of the Defenestration of Prague, which provoked the war, survived their ejection from the Castle window was not due to the intercession of the Virgin Mary, but the presence of a dung heap to cushion their fall.

Outstanding book, one of the best in the series. I recommend this, not only to military history buffs, but to anyone taking a degree in German or Scandinavian studies. After reading this, try excerpts from Schiller's history.