Seven Theories of Religion

Rating:
Summary: Theory of Religion
Review: Aptly titled "Seven Theories", the book's format summarizes a brief history, theories, and critique of seven influential thinkers who have made a contribution to the study of religion. However, the title would have been better had it been the Seven Theories of Religion but Only Three Really Good Ones.

He introduces early methodologies of Tylor and Frazer, dispatches Freud by treating his work as a pseudo-scientosophy, criticizes Durkheim with groundless accusatory assertions reinforced with seemingly objective sources that are actually written by Pals himself, then finishes off the functionalists by discrediting Marx.

His critiques of the remaining three thinkers is a bit more like situation at a job interview where he attempts to subtly indicate 'strengths' in weaknesses. He start with Eliade in a fairly candid manner, justifies some critiques made of Eliade by using sources from Pritchards, and then caps off his methodology with nothing but adulation for the modern saint Clifford Geertz.

Although his summary of each theorist is comprehensive and his critiques justified, his agenda of promoting his approach forces these seven different theories to become just one.

Rating:
Summary: 150 Years of Social Science Writings about Religion
Review: Daniel Pals provides us with a review of 150 years worth of Social Science writings that quest an explanation of religion. The author chose to review the significant writings and their pertinent thoughts about religion of; E.BTylor, James Frazer, Sigmund Freud, Emile Durkhiem, Karl Marx, Mirea Eliade, E.E. Evans-Pritchard and Clifford Geertz. Pals provides a quick review of each author and their view of religion and then follows with a critique section about each author's body of works. Pals formula for discussion on the topic of religion is succinct and allows for easy comparison between the aforementioned writers of social theory. I find this book as a very useful reference but must say that his failure to add reviews of Max Weber and Max Muller while retaining Geertz is just not justified.

Rating:
Summary: This is a good, useful survey of major theories of religion.
Review: It is written primarily for an undergraduate audience and would work well as a text book. Theorists include: E.B.Tylor, Marx, Freud, Durkheim, Eliade, Evans-Pritchard, and Geertz. Several disciplines are brought together here in one volume--an advantage over other such books. Pals give a very standard reading of all these theorists. The biggest problem with the book is the exclusion of any discussion of structuralism. He also omits more current theorists such Althusser, Lacan, or Bataille. This makes the book somewhat dated and conservative. His standard explication is, however, very solid and clear.

Rating:
Summary: Excellent
Review: This book provides an excellent background to the study of religion. In addition, it introduces the reader to certain key ideas of various thinkers he might not get around to reading: Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, James Frazer, Mircea Eliade, E. E. Evans-Prichard, Clifford Geertz, and E. B. Tylor. My only problem with the book is that Pals does not introduce us to the thought of a traditional Christian writer.

Rating:
Summary: A good summary of religious thought.
Review: This book was definitely a good summary of the thoughts of eight main historical figures (with a few others thrown in here and there). However, in many cases, the summaries were not so much about religion, but rather mythologies that sometimes masquerade as religion, at least in some people's opinions. For example, the ideas of Mircea Eliade, to me, are simply mythologies and barely constitute the basis of a veritable religion (and are pretty boring reading, to boot). And Karl Marx's ideas are so stepped in the socioeconomic realm that one cannot really call his work a "theory" of religion. On the other hand, the interesting work of Freud and Durkheim are specifically related to the subject of religion and are good additions to the book.

Thus, for me, this book is sort of a smattering of material that is worthwhile and entertaining reading - but may not be living up to the title of the book. As just one example, there is actually no discussion of the major thinkers who have put forward cognitive and biological hypotheses (for they are not "theories") of religion. (The section on Freud does not really count towards this because his work was not so much cognitive, as psychoanalytic.) Thus, for me, this book did not really discuss theories of religion, per se, but theories of various aspects of what some might call religion and others might call folklore, legend, or mythology.

This is a worthwhile book because you get a condensed view of the thoughts of many notable thinkers from wide ranges of disciplines (such as anthropology, sociology, etc.) but keep in mind that these are not "theories" of religion. They are, if anything, hypotheses and they are, if nothing else, only about relative aspects of various belief systems. If you are more concerned about the origins of religion (and thus a true "theory") I recommend a book like Pascal Boyer's "Religion Explained" or the books by Michael Shermer, such as "How We Believe."

Another problem I had with the book were the footnotes. Sometimes they contained just references and other times they contained material worth reading. In all cases, the "material worth reading" was short enough that it should have been placed in the main text. The constant shifting back and forth in this book made it a slower (and less entertaining) read for me than it probably otherwise would have been.

Overall, however, I think this was a well-researched book and contains a lot of good material. It just did not really cover the aspects of religion that I was hoping for.

Rating:
Summary: Excellent
Review: This is a very good, even-handed look at some of the great thinkers of the last 150 years, and what they thought about the phenomenon of religion, whether Judaism, Christianity, Taoism, polytheism, etc..

These thinkers can be categorized as either "reductionist" or "non-reductionist." Tyler, Frazer, Freud, Marx, and Durkheim are reductionist. To Tyler and Frazer, religion can be reduced to "irrationality" or the "primitive mentality." Freud reduces religion to "neurosis." For Marx, religion is the "opium of the masses" and nothing more than a symptom of the "class struggle." Durkheim reduces religion to "the social"; that is, religion is society, society is religion.

Eliade is non-reductionist. He thinks religion cannot be reduced to psychology, sociology, economics, theology or anything else, but has to be seen as something unique in its own right. Eliade studies myths and other phenomenon of religion, compares them, tries to find universal similarities.

Evans-Pritchard and Geertz are also non-reductionist. But they don't try and "theorize" like Frazer or Eliade; they don't try to find the "origin" of religion. They are content to do in depth studies of particular culures.

The History of Religion, anthropology, ethnology--these are all fuzzy sciences. The debate over what religion is, how it came to be in various cultures, whether or not it is needed or unneeded, whether or not it is rational or irrational or just a product of the "prelogical" mind--all this still rages on amongst anthropologists, ethnologist, pyschologists, sociologists, and historians of religion. The reductionists vs. the non-reductionists. Who will win?

Overall, a good and fair-balanced read.

Rating:
Summary: a great explanation of religion from several disciplines
Review: This was used as the primary textbook for my senior seminar as a religion major in college. Pals provides a great introduction to the major theories of religion, which we then used to help us understand the primary writings of Freud, Eliade, Marx, Durkheim, Geertz and others. In the years since taking the class, this is one of the few books that I have recommended to a number of friends along the way who have been interested in learning more about religion from a philosophical/academic standpoint.