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Rating: 
Summary: Engaging book about latest target of U.S. imperialism
Review: After WWW II in Colombia, writes the author, only 3 percent of the population owned 50 percent of the land. Half the population was illiterate, most lived in the countryside. After election in 1946, President Mariano Ospina launched a reign of terror against the peasants, increasingly restless as they were for better land and not to live in misery. After the 1948 assassination of Populist politician Jorge Gaitan, the decade long period of "La Violencia" was in full swing, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands.
The Betancur government made a deal with the FARC guerillas in the mid 80's that allowed it to demobilize and participate in legal politics. The FARC formed a political party called the Patriotic Union (UP) along with indigenous, union, women, peasant and other groups representing the masses. However, almost immediately UP activists and political candidates were subjected to assassination by the thousands. The FARC returned to the battlefield and began increasingly getting involved in drugs to finance better military equipment. It's human rights record deteriorated and its popularity plummeted. The AUC death squad arose during this period, to do the dirty work of the Colombian military, to terrorize against peasant aspirations stimulated by the UP.
About 2100 to 3000 people are killed every year for political reasons in Colombia, 70 to 75 percent of them by the AUC(United Self Defense forces of Colombia), and other smaller death squads, according to human rights groups.. The author writes that in the city of Barrencabermeja dozens of union organizers have been killed, "disappeared", forced to leave the country, etc by the AUC. Women's organizations in the town have launched courageous protests against all this despite AUC threats and violence. Coca-cola has been linked to the killing of union organizers at its bottling plants in the country and BP to the killing of activists protesting its pollution of the town of El Morro.
Peasants have been forced to grow cocoa and poppy to survive, because the opening up of Colombia to transnational Agribusiness, has made them unable to compete in their own market. Peasant movements have demanded to be provided with replacement crops; the government has promised but never delivered. The U.S. backed fumigation against poppy and Cocoa growing and terror by the AUC and to lesser extent the FARC have created close to three million internal refuges. The fumigation (designed by John Kerry advisor Rand Beers back in the late 90's) seems to have caused major health and environmental problems. With the peasants driven off their land, ranchers, oil companies and so on can seize the latter. He describes the AUC massacre in the `lush" Naya region. In late 2000 many indigenous and Afro-Colombian leaders in the area were murdered, including three 200 meters from an army roadblock. The AUC caused a refugee flight by its demands that the people in the area leave their homes. In April 2001,a Colombian military unit appeared, demanded to know where some units of the ELN guerillas had gone and when the villagers said they didn't know, warned that their "cousins" in the AUC would soon appear. In the subsequent orgy of killing and burning, AUC leader Carlos Castano, denounced the government tally of close 50 dead as too low and claimed 100 dead in what he called a "glorious patriotic act against subversion."
The author notes the atrocities done to Indians by American oil companies. The was the extermination of the Yariguie Indians due to forced labor and disease working at an oil concession granted partly to a subsidiary of Standard oil after 1905. Then there was the robbery of most of the land and decimation of the population of the "Motilion savages" in order for Gulf Oil, owned by former U.S. treasury secretary Andy Mellon, to drill on their land in the 1930's. Today Occidental oil has been trying to drill on the lands of the U'wa.
The current president, the reactionary Alvaro Uribe has made a great show of decommissioning military officers found to be associating with the AUC. But Human Rights Watch and other groups say that all this is just cosmetic. Very few AUC members have ever been prosecuted for crimes. The U.S. placed the FARC and ELN on its list of terrorist groups in 1997 and demonizes the FARC as "narcotraffickers." In August 2001, it placed the AUC on that list. However it has continued to send the Colombian military half a billion dollars annually, claiming decreasing paramilitary-military collaboration when in fact the evidence is the exact opposite. Uribe has been waging total war against the FARC. The author writes about how the peace talks were substantially sabotaged by the unwillingness of the previous administration of Andres Pastrana to curb the paramilitaries and consider alternatives to fumigation. As peace talks opened in January 1999, the AUC killed about 150 people in a show of force. Pastrana originally presented Washington with a "Plan Colombia" that dealth with alternative crops and poverty reduction but the massa objected......The author writes that many of the AUC members currently being "demobilized" by negotiations with the government are actually filling up the ranks of Uribe's new rural "civilian defense" forces. In other words the paramilitaries are quietly being institutionalized under a different guise. . In 2002, the U.S. requested that Castano and two of his lieutenants be extradited for five counts of drug trafficking. The author suggests that Uribe may try to convince the U.S. to drop these demands "in the interests of peace."
Meanwhile, U.S. backed drug eradication has not done anything to reduce the drug trade. Poppy and Cocoa growing is merely drifting south towards Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. The drug war is merely a cover to expand U.S. political and economic domination, indirectly supporting major drug traffickers and killers. The author shows how Uribe is really not that popular as the polls claim.
Rating:
Summary: Hard-hitting facts
Review: Colombia is a complex nation and is often misunderstood, according to Professor Mario A. Murillo. Moreover, "the nature of Colombia's internal conflict has been completly distorted by the prism of drug-war politics," he adds in the opening chapter. To this end, the author provides hard-hitting facts to support his claim that United States aid to Colombia, "is very often used by the Colombian political and economic elite to promote its own agenda."Murillo does not stop there...he exposes Colombia's feeble legal system. "In Colombia, the Constitution and its laws are often ignored and rarely enforced, either because of a lack of bureaucratic capacity on the part of the state to do so, or because of an absence of political will on the part of the ruling elite to execute those laws that are designed to protect the public," he reports. The author has few kind words for President Alvaro Uribe. Murillo attacks the politically motivated violence "by the state and its paramilitary apparatus." He also is critical of the corruption of the traditional political parties, run predominantly by elites..."who compete for the spoils that serve as an incentive for cycles of generalized corruption." The origins of the conflict, the myths behind Colombian democracy, the principal actors in today's conflict and the many views in the United States are studied in detail in this text. The analysis of the paramilitaries in Colombia is brilliant...particularly in respect to the millions of displaced people and the terrible treatment of Afro-Colombians. Still and all, the best part of this book is the call for change. Murillo slams Alvaro Uribe's unconditional support for George W. Bush and worries that the impunity of the violent actors in Colombia will continue to fuel the civil war. In conclusion, the author clearly states that a pure military solution is impossible and that only true democratic reforms can stop the violence. Recommended. Bert Ruiz
Rating:
Summary: Hard-hitting facts
Review: Colombia is a complex nation and is often misunderstood, according to Professor Mario A. Murillo. Moreover, "the nature of Colombia's internal conflict has been completly distorted by the prism of drug-war politics," he adds in the opening chapter. To this end, the author provides hard-hitting facts to support his claim that United States aid to Colombia, "is very often used by the Colombian political and economic elite to promote its own agenda." Murillo does not stop there...he exposes Colombia's feeble legal system. "In Colombia, the Constitution and its laws are often ignored and rarely enforced, either because of a lack of bureaucratic capacity on the part of the state to do so, or because of an absence of political will on the part of the ruling elite to execute those laws that are designed to protect the public," he reports. The author has few kind words for President Alvaro Uribe. Murillo attacks the politically motivated violence "by the state and its paramilitary apparatus." He also is critical of the corruption of the traditional political parties, run predominantly by elites..."who compete for the spoils that serve as an incentive for cycles of generalized corruption." The origins of the conflict, the myths behind Colombian democracy, the principal actors in today's conflict and the many views in the United States are studied in detail in this text. The analysis of the paramilitaries in Colombia is brilliant...particularly in respect to the millions of displaced people and the terrible treatment of Afro-Colombians. Still and all, the best part of this book is the call for change. Murillo slams Alvaro Uribe's unconditional support for George W. Bush and worries that the impunity of the violent actors in Colombia will continue to fuel the civil war. In conclusion, the author clearly states that a pure military solution is impossible and that only true democratic reforms can stop the violence. Recommended. Bert Ruiz
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