Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of Brainwashing in China

Rating:
Summary: Totalism and Psychotherapy
Review: Lifton provides content and commentary regarding attempts by the People's Republic of China to 're-educate' Westerners and citizens according to Communist ideology. Actual contents of his one-on-one interviews are particularly useful, as are Lifton's evaluations of the effects and causes of 're-education'.

Lifton's principal shortcoming is the overarching psychotherapeutic interpretations, which sometimes stretch the imagination.

Lifton's book is often misunderstood and misrepresented as a polemic against 'brainwashing' and religious 'cultism'. 'Brainwashing' usually means the hypnotic manipulation of one's thoughts forcing someone to change their beliefs counter to their awareness or conscious will; Lifton denies emphatically that this happened in China or that it can happen. It appears that many who cite his work (and some of the reviewers here) have never read the book, other than through excerpts and summaries.

Lifton himself admits that 'brainwashing' is a misnomer; he denies that 're-education' was effective or that it converted people against their will. Furthermore, he argues that the principal difference between Chinese methods of thought-reform and normal, usual persuasion is the Chinese use of physical violence and imprisonment.

Lifton never intended for his book to be used by the anti-cult industry to attack religious non-orthodoxy and constitutionally guaranteed religious expression.

Rating:
Summary: Chinese brainwashing is real and the battle still continues
Review: Lifton's work here is an excellent effort to understand the ideological manipulation of the Chinese Communists.
Although the researches on those individual "victims" are thorough, however, these are only other facets of the polyhedron of the "brainwashing".

Surprisingly unknown to the Westernworld, but there is the salient fact of very successful cases of "brainwashing" in China and Japan which had, and still has, a devastating effect in terms of the issues of post war compensation between China and Japan.

One case that represents the "brainwashing" against the Manchus is of their Last Emperor, Pu-Yi.
You can read and see some glimpses of his experience of the "thought reform" in books such as "From Emperor to Citizen", his Communist authorised autobiography, and in the film "The Last Emperor", so I leave it to your option.

Another is a completely untold (to the Westerners) story of former Japanese Imperial Army soldiers.

Followings are excerpts of the accounts of two Chinese officials, one of them worked for Mao Tse-tung as an interpreter for 18 years. They appear in a special feature issue of the Japanese left-wing magazine called "Sekai" (May, 1998), on the cofession papers of soldiers mentioned above, that "found" in China by a Japanese photo-jounalist, who also interviewed the two Chinese officials.

In July 1950, by the direct order from Stalin, 969 Japanese soldiers were transferred from Siberia, where those soldiers had been kept for slave labour suffering from starvation and despair for 6 years after war ended, to Fushun (Fuxuan) War Criminal Camp, in China, where, by the way, Pu-Yi was also transferred to at the same period.
At this point, the soldiers' mental health had already been deteriorating.

Unlike the people whose experiences were cited in this Lifton book, the Japanese, as well as the Manchus, received no phisical violence. Instead, they were treated rather too well for their status of "war felons".
It was Premier Chou En-lai himself who had given such instruction in which the camp authority were ordered to treat the Japanese and the Manchus especially well.
Because panishing the "criminals" was not their aim. Releasing them as ideological advocates was.

In a few years, their "reform" were gradually, yet steadily progressing.

The first stage of the "reform" is: Self-consciousness of the guilt.
After the unsuccessful military campaign of the U.S.A. in the Korean War, the Japanese soldiers' hopes of being rescued by the U.S. Army was dashed, and as if they were clutching at straws, they became absorbed by reading Marx's works and Japanese proletarian literatures. Those intense reading and study of communism in groups made the "Imperialist" soldiers re-think their righteousness little by little.

Then, came a significant breakthrough when a Japanese officer did "Tan-pai" (Chinese word for "to recognise and to criticise one's own guilt, and to cofess them) in front of the whole Japanese inmates. A "confessions" of a soldier triggered everyone's "confessions" as if it was competition.

The inmates soon realised that the more barbaric crimes they confessed, the more the camp leaders were pleased for their "honesty" and they even mentioned their early release. Thus the gruesomeness of their atrocities escarated on and on... They called this movement as "creative study".

As the Chinese authority planned, all Japanese "war criminals", who "confessed" their terrible crimes such as "Three All campaign" (Kill all, Burn all, Rape all) and numerous massacres including "Nanking Massacre", were released and back to Japan where they formed "Association of the Soldiers Returned from China" and many of them still stick together to this day and are actively working as anti-Japanese Imperialism advocates.

Like Father Luca Lifton mentioned in this book, the Japanese soldiers are still in a state of confusion. They cannot distinguish the reality from their own creations.
And left-wingers who have used them in their anti-nationalist campaign just not allow them to realise that they were "brainwashed".

Maybe it it the communists themselves who were "brainwashed" by their own thought that if they are against the communism they would fall down to some "interectual hell", just like the members of the cult "Aum shinrikyo" who attacked Tokyo with sarin gas in 1995 believed.

Rating:
Summary: Chinese brainwashing is real and the battle still continues
Review: Lifton's work here is an excellent effort to understand the ideological manipulation of the Chinese Communists.
Although the researches on those individual "victims" are thorough, however, these are only other facets of the polyhedron of the "brainwashing".

Surprisingly unknown to the Westernworld, but there is the salient fact of very successful cases of "brainwashing" in China and Japan which had, and still has, a devastating effect in terms of the issues of post war compensation between China and Japan.

One case that represents the "brainwashing" against the Manchus is of their Last Emperor, Pu-Yi.
You can read and see some glimpses of his experience of the "thought reform" in books such as "From Emperor to Citizen", his Communist authorised autobiography, and in the film "The Last Emperor", so I leave it to your option.

Another is a completely untold (to the Westerners) story of former Japanese Imperial Army soldiers.

Followings are excerpts of the accounts of two Chinese officials, one of them worked for Mao Tse-tung as an interpreter for 18 years. They appear in a special feature issue of the Japanese left-wing magazine called "Sekai" (May, 1998), on the cofession papers of soldiers mentioned above, that "found" in China by a Japanese photo-jounalist, who also interviewed the two Chinese officials.

In July 1950, by the direct order from Stalin, 969 Japanese soldiers were transferred from Siberia, where those soldiers had been kept for slave labour suffering from starvation and despair for 6 years after war ended, to Fushun (Fuxuan) War Criminal Camp, in China, where, by the way, Pu-Yi was also transferred to at the same period.
At this point, the soldiers' mental health had already been deteriorating.

Unlike the people whose experiences were cited in this Lifton book, the Japanese, as well as the Manchus, received no phisical violence. Instead, they were treated rather too well for their status of "war felons".
It was Premier Chou En-lai himself who had given such instruction in which the camp authority were ordered to treat the Japanese and the Manchus especially well.
Because panishing the "criminals" was not their aim. Releasing them as ideological advocates was.

In a few years, their "reform" were gradually, yet steadily progressing.

The first stage of the "reform" is: Self-consciousness of the guilt.
After the unsuccessful military campaign of the U.S.A. in the Korean War, the Japanese soldiers' hopes of being rescued by the U.S. Army was dashed, and as if they were clutching at straws, they became absorbed by reading Marx's works and Japanese proletarian literatures. Those intense reading and study of communism in groups made the "Imperialist" soldiers re-think their righteousness little by little.

Then, came a significant breakthrough when a Japanese officer did "Tan-pai" (Chinese word for "to recognise and to criticise one's own guilt, and to cofess them) in front of the whole Japanese inmates. A "confessions" of a soldier triggered everyone's "confessions" as if it was competition.

The inmates soon realised that the more barbaric crimes they confessed, the more the camp leaders were pleased for their "honesty" and they even mentioned their early release. Thus the gruesomeness of their atrocities escarated on and on... They called this movement as "creative study".

As the Chinese authority planned, all Japanese "war criminals", who "confessed" their terrible crimes such as "Three All campaign" (Kill all, Burn all, Rape all) and numerous massacres including "Nanking Massacre", were released and back to Japan where they formed "Association of the Soldiers Returned from China" and many of them still stick together to this day and are actively working as anti-Japanese Imperialism advocates.

Like Father Luca Lifton mentioned in this book, the Japanese soldiers are still in a state of confusion. They cannot distinguish the reality from their own creations.
And left-wingers who have used them in their anti-nationalist campaign just not allow them to realise that they were "brainwashed".

Maybe it it the communists themselves who were "brainwashed" by their own thought that if they are against the communism they would fall down to some "interectual hell", just like the members of the cult "Aum shinrikyo" who attacked Tokyo with sarin gas in 1995 believed.

Rating:
Summary: An important book
Review: This book has created a lot of controversies envolving new religious movements. Although it describes a research made with POWs e somes Chinese intellectuals, it has been frequently used attacks against some new religious movements.

The concept "brainwashing" first came into public use during the Korean War in the 1950s as an explanation for why a few American GIs defected to the Communists. The two most authoritative studies of the Korean War defections (and this book was one of them) concluded that "brainwashing" was an inappropriate concept to account for this renunciation of U.S. citizenship. When several new religious came into high profile during the youth counter-culture of the 1960s and 70s the concept "brainwashing" was again employed as a culturally acceptable explanation to account for the fact that some idealistic "flower children" came under the influence of "cult" leaders. A quarter-of-a-century of scholarly research on why people join new religions has come to essentially the same conclusion as the Korean War studies -- "brainwashing" is not a viable concept to describe the dynamics of affiliation with new religions. Defenders of "brainwashing" have used other concepts like "mind control" and "thought reform," but they have failed to produce a scholarly literature to support their claims. Thus, whatever euphemisms may be employed, the basic conclusion against the brainwashing thesis is not altered. Still, the mass media continues to report claims of "brainwashing" as if the alleged phenomenon were real. And, as a result, the concept "brainwashing" sustains considerable currency in popular culture. It is, to be sure, a powerful metaphor. "Brainwashing" communicates disapproval of influence by persons, or groups, the user of the term considers to be illegitimate. If you want to understand the origins of the concept, read Lifton's work. Just take care to not get caught by the "cult mind control" rhetoric.

Rating:
Summary: An important book
Review: Upon seeing the review below, from the reader in Rio de Janeiro, I had to write my own thoughts and share them. As a former cult member myself and current volunteer in anti-cult activism, I can personally attest that what Dr. Lifton wrote about concerning destructive groups and mind control absolutely exists. The famous chapter 22, where Dr. Lifton lays out the famous "eight criteria", to me isn't a chapter in a book but how my adolescense was in this particular group. It's true; it exists. The reader from Rio said that mind control was a failure; well, ultimately, yes it is, total control over a person's mind isn't 100%, and won't last forever. However, individuals and destructive groups (cults) know how to exploit mind control techniques to allow them control over a person's thoughts and actions long enough to get that person to do what they want, and often when people leave cults they suffer psychological damages for years afterward. This is also not about West superior over East; Dr. Lifton also chronicled how many Chinese were hurt by the mind control imposed by the Communists. All in all, this is a terrific book about mind control and its damaging effects; I highly recommend it.